Chronology of Christianity (1AD-Present)

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1AD-36? Life of Jesus Christ

1AD     First year in Christian calendar (a.d. = anno Domini) (see 525), Augustus

      (Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus) is emperor of Rome

6     Herod Archelaus deposed by Augustus; Samaria, Judea and Idumea annexed as

      province Iudaea under direct Roman administration, cap. Caesarea

6-?     Quirinius: Legate (Governor) of Syria, 1st Roman tax census of Iudaea

6-9     Coponius: Roman Prefect of Iudaea (Samaria, Judea, and Idumea)

7-26     Brief period of peace, free of revolt and bloodshed in Iudaea & Galilee

9-12?    M. Ambivius: Roman Prefect of Iudaea (Samaria, Judea, and Idumea)

12?-15   Annius Rufus: Roman Prefect of Iudaea (Samaria, Judea, and Idumea)

14-37    Tiberius I emperor of Rome, b. 42BC

25?      Assumption (Testament) of Moses, original Hebrew extant Latin (Apocrypha)

26-36    Pontius Pilate: Roman Prefect of Iudaea (Samaria, Judea, and Idumea)

27-29?  John the Baptist begins ministry (Luke 3,1-2) (15th year of Tiberius)

27-34?  Jesus baptized by John the Baptist (Mk1:4-11)

33-34?  John the Baptist arrested and killed by Herod Antipas (Luke 3,19-20)

33-36?  Jesus' ministry

36?      Jesus crucified, Friday, Nisan 14th, March 30th, [Ref: John, Unauthorized

       Version/Fox] Last Supper would have been Thursday evening. (7Apr30 &

       3Apr33 possible Fri/14/Nisan crucifixion dates)

36?-65? Period of oral tradition in Christianity between the time of Jesus and the time

  the first gospel (Mark) is written, original Christians disperse throughout

  Judea and Samaria (Acts 8,1ff), Peter leads the new Christian Church,

  moves the Church headquarters to Rome

36?-67 Period Peter leads the new Christian Church, moves the church headquarters from Jerusalem to Rome

36?-37 Paul of Tarsus has Stephen martyred and the Jerusalem church destroyed

37         Paul of Tarsus is converted (Acts 9)

37-41 Gaius Caligula emperor of Rome, declared himself god

37-41? Marullus: Roman Prefect of Iudaea (Samaria, Judea, and Idumea)

40         Paul goes to Jerusalem to consult with Peter (Gal 1, 18-20)

41-54 Claudius emperor of Rome, killed by poisoning by his wife Agrippina

44        James, brother of John, executed by Herod Agrippa I (Acts 12, 1-3)

47-48 Paul and Barnabas on Cyprus (Acts 13, 4-12)

48-49 Council of Jerusalem, 1st Christian Council, doctrine regarding circumcision

          and dietary law is agreed to by apostles and presbyters, written in a letter

          addressed to "the brothers of Gentile origin in Antioch, Syria, and Cilicia"   (Acts 15)

48-57? Paul writes Galations

49-50 Paul in Corinth (Acts 18)

50?    Peshitta translation begun, Hebrew OT->Syriac Aramaic, (Greek NT in 400)

50? Ascension of Isaiah, original written in Hebrew (Ethiopic Bible)

51-52 Paul writes 1 Thes

51-52 Paul writes 2 Thes

53-62 Paul writes Phil

54-68 Nero emperor of Rome

56 Paul writes 1 Corin

57 Paul writes Romans

57 Paul writes 2 Corin

57 Paul's last visit to Jerusalem [Acts21]

58 Paul arrested, imprisoned in Caesarea [Acts25:4]

59 Nero kills his mother, Agrippina

60 Paul imprisoned in Rome (Acts 28,16)

61-63? Paul? writes Ephesians

61-63 Paul writes Philemon

61-63 Paul writes Colossians

61-63? Paul? writes 1,2 Timothy, Titus, known as "pastoral epistles"

62? James written by leader of Jerusalem community? (Gal 2,9?), "catholic"

  epistle

62 Paul martyred for treason in Rome

62 {Being therefore this kind of person [i.e., a heartless Sadducee], Ananus,

  thinking that he had a favorable opportunity because Festus had died and

  Albinus was still on his way, called a meeting [literally, "sanhedrin"] of

  judges and brought into it the brother of Jesus-who-is-called-Messiah,

  James by name, and some others. He made the accusation that they had

  transgressed the law, and he handed them over to be stoned.}

  [JA20.9.1,Marginal Jew,p.57]

62 Nero kills his wife Octavia and marries Poppaea Sabina

64 Great fire of Rome, started by Nero and blamed on Christians, {Therefore to

  squelch the rumor , Nero

  created scapegoats and subjected to the most refined tortures those whom

  the common people called "Christians," [a group] hated for their abominable

  crimes. Their name comes from Christ, who, during the reign of Tiberius, had

  been executed by the procurator Pontius Pilate. Suppressed for the moment,

  the deadly superstition broke out again, not only in Judea, the land which

  originated this evil, but also in the city of Rome, where all sorts of

  horrendous and shameful practices from every part of the world converge

  and are fervently cultivated.} [Tacitus Annals 15.44;Marginal

  Jew;Meier;p.89-90]

64-95? 1 Peter written in Rome, by Peter the apostle?, "catholic" epistle

65-125 Period in which 4 Gospels, Acts, Revelations, and remaining epistles written

  - Peter martyred before 1st Holy Gospel is written, 7 Popes before last

  epistle is completed

65? Q written, (German:Quelle, meaning "source") a hypothetical Greek text used

  in writing of Matthew and Luke

65-150 Didache: Instructions of the Apostles written

65-150 Dialogue of the Savior, Gospel of Peter

65-150 Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 1224 fragments: pub. 1914

65-150 Gospel of Thomas written, based on Q?, pub. 1959, Greek originals: Papyrus

  Ox. 1,654-5

65-175 Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 840 fragments: pub. 1908

65-175 Papyrus Egerton 2 (Unknown Gospel) fragments: pub. 1935/87, in Greek

  from Palestine, one of the oldest extant Christian texts (~175)

65-250 Papyrus Fayum (P. Vindob. G. 2325) fragments: pub. 1887

65-350 "Jewish-Christian Gospels": 7 fragments of Gospel of the Ebionites and 7

  fragments of Gospel of the Hebrews in Greek; 36 fragments of Gospel of the

  Nazarenes in Aramaic; [Ref: NT Apocrypha, W. Schneemelcher, vol. 1]

66-70 Roman-Jewish War: final destruction of Second Temple (Herod's Temple)

67 Peter martyred, crucified upside down in Rome

67-78 Pope Linus, 2nd Pope, succeeds Peter (Linus mentioned in 2 Tm 4,21)

67 General Vespasian of Rome conquers Galilee

68 Nero commits suicide, resurrects as "Nero redivivus", Rev's 666? (see 81)

68 Galba emperor of Rome (6/68-1/69)

68 Qumran (Essenes?) community destroyed by Rome, site of Dead Sea Scrolls

  found in 1949

69 Otho emperor of Rome (1/69-4/69)

69 Vitellius emperor of Rome (6/69-12/69)

69 Flavian Dynasty of Rome (Vespian, Titus, Domitian)

69-79 Vespian emperor of Rome, quells unrest in Rome and Jerusalem

70 Collapse of Jewish self-government in Judea and destruction of the Temple in

  Jerusalem

70 Gospel according to Mark written in Rome, by Peter's interpreter? (1 Peter

  5,13), original ending apparently lost, endings added c 400

70? "Signs Gospel" written, hypothetical Greek text used in Gospel of John to

  prove Jesus is the Messiah

70-640 Sanhedrin (High Court) period of Judaism, rise of house of Hillel

75-90 Gospel according to Luke written, based on Mark and Q

75-90 Acts of the Apostles written, same author as Gospel according to Luke

79-81 Titus emperor of Rome, eldest son of Vespasian

79-91 Pope Anacletus, 3rd Pope, known as "blameless" (as in Titus 1,7?)

79 Mt Vesuvius, volcano overlooking Naples Bay, erupts, engulfs Pompeii

80-85 Gospel according to Matthew written, based on Mark and Q, most popular in

  early Church

81-96 Domitian emperor of Rome, son of Vespasian, "Nero redivivus?" (see 68)

81-96 Revelations written, by John (son of Zebedee) and/or a disciple of his

90-100 1 John written, by author(s) of 4th gospel, "catholic" epistle

90-100 2,3 John written, by "elder", disciple of John (son of Zebedee)?, "catholic"

  epistle

90-100 Gospel according to John written, by John (son of Zebedee) and others, only

  eyewitness to Jesus?, disciple Jesus loved?, Gnostic?

90? Josephus claims exactly 22 Jewish (OT) books: 5 Law, 13 History, 4 Hymns

91-101 Pope Clement I, 4th Pope, (mentioned in Phil 4,3), wrote letter to Corinth in

  95 called "1 Clement"

94 "Jewish Antiquities", by Josephus in Aramaic, trans. to Grk., Testimonium

  Flavianum: {At this time there appeared Jesus, a wise man. For he was a

  doer of startling deeds, a teacher of people who receive the truth with

  pleasure. And he gained a following both among many Jews and among many

  of Greek origin. And when Pilate, because of an accusation made by the

  leading men among us, condemned him to the cross, those who had loved him

  previously did not cease to do so. And up until this very day the tribe of

  Christians (named after him) has not died out.} [JA18.3.3 Meier redaction,

  Marginal Jew, p.61]

96? Hebrews written, by ?

96-98 Nerva emperor of Rome

98-116 Trajan emperor of Rome, Roman empire reaches maximum size

100? Odes of Solomon, written in Greek or Syriac, ref by John? (Apocrypha)

100? Epistle of Barnabas, Christian exegesis of LXX (AF = Apostolic Fathers)

100? 2 Clement, an old sermon but not by Clement (AF = Apostolic Fathers)

100? 2 Esdras (Vg:4 Esdras), Hebrew?, claims 24 OT books (Vulgate & Peshitta)

100? Apocalypse of Baruch (2 Baruch:Syriac, 3 Baruch:Greek) (Peshitta)

100? Paralipomena of Jeremiah (4 Baruch), written in Hebrew (Ethiopic Bible)

100? Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, Aramaic and Hebrew fragments found

  at Qumran Caves 1,4 (Armenian Bible)

100? Jude written, probably by doubting relative of Jesus (Mark 6,3), rejected by

  some early Christians due to its reference to apocryphal Book of Enoch

  (v14), "catholic" epistle

100-125? 2 Peter written, by ?, not accepted into canon until early 400s, drew upon

  Epistle of Jude, "catholic" epistle

100-150 Secret Book (Apocryphon) of James, Gospel of Mary Magdalene, Infancy

  Gospels of Thomas and James, Secret Gospel (of Mark) (Complete Gospels)

101-109 Pope Evaristus, 5th Pope

109-116 Pope Alexander, 6th Pope

110? Letter of Polycarp to the Philippians, written by Polycarp (160) (AF)

110? "Letters of Ignatius", bishop of Antioch, martyred in Rome, his letters were

  subjected to heavy Christian forgery esp. 4th cent. (Apostolic Fathers)

116-125 Pope Sixtus I, 7th Pope

117-138 Hadrian emperor of Rome, builds wall across Britain

125-350 Period of Christianity during which the first Bible was assembled - Christians

  are fiercely persecuted and then finally tolerated by the Roman Empire, Great

  Plague in Rome

125-136 Pope Telesphorus, 8th Pope, martyred

125? Papyrus 52: oldest extant NT fragment, p.1935, parts of Jn18:31-33,37-38

125? Shepherd of Hermas, written in Rome (AF = Apostolic Fathers)

130-200 "Christian Apologists" writings against Roman Paganism by: Justin Martyr

  (165), Athenagoras (180?), Aristides (145?), Theophilus of Antioch (185?),

  Tatian (170), Quadratus (130?), Melito of Sardis (180?), Apollinaris of

  Hierapolis (180?), also Epistle to Diognetus in Apostolic Fathers

130? "Gospel of Basilides", a 24 book commentary?, lost

130? Papias, bishop of Hierapolis in Asia Minor, wrote: "Expositions of the Sayings

  of the Lord", lost, widely quoted, see Eusebius (340) (AF)

130? Aquila of Pontus, Roman convert to Christianity then to Judaism, student of

  Rabban Gamaliel, compiled literal Greek OT translation in Jabneh (Jamnia)

132-135 Bar Kokhba Revolt: final Jewish revolt, Judea and Jerusalem erased from

  maps, all of southern Syria renamed Palestine (coined by Herodotus)

138-161 Antoninus Pius emperor of Rome

138-142 Pope Hyginus, 9th Pope

140 Letters of Marcion, produces his own canon without OT and using only a

  heavily edited Luke + 10 Pauline Epistles, cites "Western" Gospel text-type

140? Apocalypse of Peter, written in Greek [NT Apocrypha,Schneemelcher,v.2]

142-155 Pope Pius I, 10th Pope

150? Gospel of the Egyptians, Coptic translation of orig. Greek (Nag Hammadi)

150? "Western Revisor" adds/subtracts from original Acts to produce "Western"

  version which is 10% larger and found in Papyrus P29,38,48 and Codex

  Bezae (D)

150? Papyrus Chester Beatty 6: R963, Greek Num 5:12-36:13, Deut 1:20-34:12

155-166 Pope Anicetus, 11th Pope

160? Polycarp, bishop of Smyrna, martyred at age 86: "Let. to Philip." (110)

160? Martyrdom of Polycarp, in Greek (Apostolic Fathers, ISBN:0-8010-5676-4)

161-180 Marcus Aurelius emperor of Rome

164-180 Great Plague in Roman Empire

166-174 Pope Soter, 12th Pope, moved Easter from Nisan 14 to following Sunday

170 Letters of Irenaeus, bishop of Lyons, cites "Western" Gospel text-type

170 Christian council on Montanist sect in Asia Minor

170 Letters of Dionysius, bishop of Corinth, claims Christians were changing and

  faking his own letters just as [he knew] they had changed the Gospels

170 Tatian produces "Diatessaron" (Harmony) by blending 4 "Western" text-type

  Gospels into 1

170? Symmachus, an Ebionite, writes an entirely new Greek OT translation

174-189 Pope Eleutherius, 13th Pope

175? Acts of Paul (inc. 3 Cor.), in Greek [NT Apocrypha,Schneemelcher,v.2]

180-192 Commodus emperor of Rome

185-350 Canon Muratorian, 1st extant for NT?, written in Rome by Hippolytus?,

  excludes Hebrews, James, 1-2 Peter, 3 John; includes Wisdom of Solomon,

  Apocalypse of Peter

189-198 Pope Victor I, 1st Latin Pope, 14th Pope, excommunicated Eastern churches

  that continued to observe Easter on Nisan 14 "Quartodeciman", (see 166,

190)

190 Christian council to determine "official" date of Easter

193-211 Septimius Severus emperor of Rome

197 Writings of Apollonius, uses the term "catholic" in reference to 1 John

198-217 Pope Zephyrinus, 15th Pope

200 Bishop of Antioch notes Gospel of Peter (see 65?) being used in Cilicia

200? Papyrus 66: 2nd Bodmer, John, 1956, "Alexandrian/Western" text-types:

  Jn 1:1-6:11,35-7:52;8:12-14:26,29-30;15:2-26;16:2-4,6-7,10-

  20:20,22-23,25-21:9

200? Papyrus 75: Bodmer 14-15, Luke & John, earliest extant Luke, ~Vaticanus;

  Lk3:18-22,33-4:2,34-5:10,37-6:4,10-7:32,35-39,41-43,46-9:2,4-

  17:15,19-18:18; 22:4-24:53; Jn1:1-7:52;8:12-11:45,48-57;12:3-

  13:1,8-9;14:8-30;15:7-8

200? Papyrus 46: 2nd Chester Beatty, "Alexandrian" text-type: Rm5:17-6:3,5-

  14;8:15-25,27-35,37-9:32;10:1-11:22,24-33,35-15:9,11-16:27;Hb1:1-

  9:16,18-10:20,22-30,32-13:25;1Cr1:1-9:2,4-14:14,16-15:15,17-

  16:22;2Cr1:1-11:10,12-21,23-13:13;Ep1:1-2:7,10-5:6,8-6:6,8,20-

  24;Gl1:1-8,10-2:9,12-21;3:2-29;4:2-18,20-5:17,20-6:8,10-

  18;Ph1:1,5-15,17-28,30-2:12,14-27,29-3:8,10-21;4:2-12,14-

  23;Cl1:1-2,5-13,16-24,27-2:19,23-3:11,13-24;4:3-12,16-

  18;1Th1:1,9-2:3;5:5-9,23-28

200? Papyrus 32: J. Rylands Library: Titus 1:11-15;2:3-8

200? Papyrus 64 (+67): Mt3:9,15;5:20-22,25-28;26:7-8,10,14-15,22-23,31-

  33

200? Old Syriac (Aramaic) Gospels, Syr(s) & Syr(c), of "Western" text-type

200? Latin Bible translations begun in Carthage?, originals no longer extant

200? Sahidic Coptic cop(sa) Bible translations written in Alexendria

212-217 Geta then Caracalla emperors of Rome

217-236 Anti-Pope Hippolytus, bishop of Rome, "Logos" sect, 1st Anti-Pope

  (illegitimate claimants of or pretenders to the papal throne)

217-222 Pope Callistus I, 16th Pope

218-222 Heliogabalus emperor of Rome

220 Goths invade Asia Minor and Balkans

220? Clement of Alexandria, b.150?, bishop, cites "Alexandrian" NT text-type &

  Secret Gospel of Mark & Gospel of the Egyptians; wrote: "Exhortations to the

  Greeks";"Rich Man's Salutation";"To the Newly Baptized"; (Loeb Classics)

222-230 Pope Urban I, 17th Pope

222-235 Alexandar Severus emperor of Rome

223? Tertullian, wr: "de Spectaculis" (Latin): v30.6 cites rumor Jesus son of

  prostitute, coined "New Testament", cites "Western" Gospel text-type (Loeb)

225? Papyrus 45: 1st Chester Beatty, Gospels (Caesarean), Acts (Alexandrian):

  Mt20:24-32;21:13-19;25:41-26:39; Mk4:36-40;5:15-26,38-6:3,16-

  25,36-50;7:3-15 ,25-8:1,10-26,34-9:9,18-31;11:27-12:1,5-8,13-

  19,24-28; Lk6:31-41,45-7:7;9:26 -41,45-10:1,6-22,26-11:1,6-25,28-

  46,50-12:12,18-37,42-13:1,6-24,29-14:10,17-33; Jn10:7-25,30-

  11:10,18-36,42-57; Ac4:27-36;5:10-21,30-39;6:7-7:2,10-21,32-

  41,52-8:1,14-25,34-9:6,16-27,35-10:2,10-23,31-41;11:2-14,24-

  12:5,13-22;13:6-16,25-36,46-14:3,15-23;15:2-7,19-27,38-16:4,15-

  21,32-40;17:9-17

225? Papyrus 967: Chester Beatty 9, Greek Ezekiel 11:25-end, ~Codex Vaticanus

230-236 Pope Pontian, 18th Pope

230-250 Christian council of Rome, Demetrius bishop of Alex. condemns Origen who in

  248 cited a rumor recorded by Celsus that "Jesus fabricated the account of

  his birth from a virgin. In reality, Jesus' mother was driven out by the

  carpenter husband to whom she was betrothed because she had committed

  adultery with a [Roman] soldier named Panthera [thus the ben Pantere of

  Jewish sources]. Left poor and homeless, she gave birth to Jesus in secret.

  Jesus later spent time in Egypt, where he hired himself out as a laborer,

  learned magic, and so came to claim the title of God." [CC1.28-32, Marginal

  Jew, Meier, p. 223]

236-238 Maximus emperor of Rome, ends Christian schism in Rome by deporting Pope

  Pontian and anti-Pope Hippolytus to Sardinia where they soon die

236-237 Pope Anterus, 19th Pope

237-250 Pope Fabian, 20th Pope

238-244 Gordian I, II, Balbinus, Pupienus, Gordian III emperors of Rome

240-250 Christian council of Carthage

244-249 Philip the Arabian emperor of Rome

249-251 Decius emperor of Rome

249 Rome celebrates 1000th anniversary

250 Rome steps up persecution of Christians, martyrs revered as saints

250 Letters of Methodius, Pistis Sophia, Porphyry Tyrius; church fathers

250? Mandeans (followers of John the Baptist) begin compilation of "Ginza"

250? Papyrus 72: Bodmer 5-11+, pub. 1959, "Alexandrian" text-type: Nativity of

  Mary; 3Cor; Odes of Solomon 11; Jude 1-25; Melito's Homily on Passover;

  Hymn fragment; Apology of Phileas; Ps33,34; 1Pt1:1-5:14; 2Pt1:1-3:18;

250? Papyrus Chester Beatty: #5:R962: Gn8:13-9:2,24:13-46:33,Enoch91-105;

  #7: I8:18-19:13,38:14-45:5,54:1=60:22; #8: Jr4:30-5:24; #10: Dn1-

  12:13(+Add),Bel4-39,Sus5-end,Esther1:1a-8:6(+Add)

251-253 Gallus emperor of Rome

251-253 Pope Cornelius, 21st Pope

251-258 Anti-Pope Novatian, decreed no forgiveness for sins after baptism

253-260 Valerian emperor of Rome, executes all Bishops, Priests, and Deacons

253-254 Pope Lucius I, 22nd Pope

254 Letters of Origen, Jesus and God one substance, adopted at Council of Nicaea

  in 325, compiled "Hexapla": 6 versions of LXX side by side: Hebrew, Hebrew

  transliterated in Greek, Aquila's Greek trans., Symmachus' Greek trans.,

  Origen's revised LXX Greek trans., Theodotion's revised LXX; also

  Quinta/Sexta/Septima trans., Tetragrammaton in square Hebrew script;

  cites "Alexandrian" & "Caesarean" NT text-types; Eusebius claimed Origen

  castrated himself for Christ due to Mt19:12 [EH6.8.1-3]

254-257 Pope Steven I, 23rd Pope, major schism over rebaptizing heretics and

  apostates

257-258 Pope Sixtus II, 24th Pope, martyred

257 Visigoths and Ostrogoths invade Black Sea area, Franks invade Spain

258 Letters of Cyprian, Bishop of Carthage, cites "Western" NT text-type, claims

  Christians are freely forging his letters to discredit him

260-268 Gallienus emperor of Rome, reverses Valerian, restores Roman Church

260-268 Pope Dionysius, 25th Pope, rebuilds Roman Church after Valerian's massacre

264-268 Christian council on Paul of Samosata, Bishop of Antioch, founder of

  Adoptionism (Jesus was human until Holy Spirit descended at his baptism)

264? Letters of Dionysius, bishop of Alexandria, b.190?

268 Goths sack Athens, Sparta, Corinth

268-270 Claudius II emperor of Rome

269-274 Pope Felix I, 26th Pope

270-275 Aurelian emperor of Rome

275-283 Pope Eutychian, 27th Pope, decreed that only beans and grapes be blessed at

  Mass

275? Papyrus 47: 3rd Chester Beatty, ~Sinaiticus, Rv9:10-11:3,5-16:15,17-

  17:2

276-282 Marcus Aurelius Probus emperor of Rome

276 Mani, b.215, crucified, founder of Manichaean Christian sect in Persia

283-296 Pope Gaius, 28th Pope

284-305 Diocletian emperor of Rome, notorius persecuter of Christians

285 Roman empire partitioned into Western and Eastern empires

290-345 St Pachomius establishes 1st monastery in Egypt

296-304 Pope Marcellinus, 29th Pope, apostate, offered pagan sacrifices for

  Diocletian

300? Bohairic Coptic cop(bo) Bible translations written in Alexandria

300? Hesychius of Alex., martyr, translates Hebrew OT to Greek, lost [Jerome]

300? Papyrus Berlin Codex of Greek Genesis; Papyrus Bodmer 24 of Greek Psalms;

  Codex Freer of Greek Minor Prophets; all published in 1927

300? other 3rd century NT witnesses: P1:Mt1:1-9,12,14-20 P4:Lk1:58-59,62-

  2:1, 6-7;3:8-4:2,29-32,34-35;5:3-8,30-6:16 P5:Jn1:23-31,33-

  40;16:14-30;20:11-17, 19-20,22-25 P9:1Jn4:11-12,14-17 P12:Hb1:1

  P15:1Cr7:18-8:4 P20:Jm2:19-3:9 P22:Jn15:25-16:2,21-32

  P23:Jm1:10-12,15-18 P27:Rm8:12-22,24-27,33-9:3,5-9 P28:Jn6:8-

  12,17-22 P29:Ac26:7-8,20 P30:1Th4:12-13,16-17;5:3,8-10,12-18,25-

  28;2Th1:1-2 P38:Ac18:27-19:6,12-16 P39:Jn8:14-22 P40:Rm1:24-

  27,31-2:3;3:21-4:8;6:4-5:16;9:16-17:27 P48:Ac23:11-17,23-29

  P49:Ep4:16-29,31-5:13 P53:Mt26:29-40;Ac9:33-10:1 P65:1Th1:3-

  2:1,6-13 P69:Lk22:41,45-48,58-61 P70:Mt2:13-16,22-3:1;11:26-

  27;12:4-5;24:3-6,12-15 P80:Jn3:34 P87:Pm13-15,24-25

  #0171:Mt10:17-23,25-32;Lk22:44-56,61-64 #0189:Ac5:3-21

  #0220:Rm4:23-5:3,8-13 #0212(Diatessaron):Mt27:56-57;Mk15:40-

  42;Lk23:49-51,54;Jn19:38

303-311 Last persecution of Christians in Rome

304 Letters of Victor, bishop of Pettau

306-337 Emperor Constantine the Great, convert to Christianity

306-312 Maxentius emperor of Western Roman Empire

306-308 Pope Marcellus I, 30th Pope, tried removing prior Pope Marcellinus from

  official records for apostasy, exiled from Rome by Maxentius for disturbing

  the peace

310 Pope Eusebius, 31st Pope, deported to Sicily with anti-Pope Heraclius by

  Maxentius

311-314 Pope Miltiades, 32nd Pope, Constantine gives Fausta's palace as papal

  residence

312 Lucian, founded Exegetical School of Antioch, martyred

312 Constantine defeats Maxentius at Milvian Bridge, reunites Roman Empire

313 Edict of Milan, Constantine establishes toleration of Christianity

313 Miltiades excommunicates Donatus for requiring rebaptism of apostates

314-335 Pope Silvester I, 33rd Pope

314 Council of Arles, called by Constantine against Donatist (Donatus) schism

317 Letters of Lactantius, early Christian church father

321 Constantine decrees Sunday as offical Roman-Christian day of rest

325 Council of Nicaea, called by Constantine against Arianism (336), called 1st

  great Christian council by Jerome, 1st ecumenical, 318 bishops attend,

  Nicaean Creed

325? Fayyumic Coptic cop(mf) translation fragment of John 6:11-15:11

330 Old Saint Peter's Basilica dedicated by Constantine, located over the

  traditional burial site of Saint Peter the Apostle in Rome on Vatican Hill

331 Seat of Roman Empire moved to Constantinople (formally Byzantium)

336-337 Pope Mark, 34th Pope

336 Arius, Greek theologian - Arianism (Jesus was a created being)

337-350 Roman empire splits again, Constans emperor of West until 350

337-361 Roman empire splits again, Constantius emperor of East until 361

337-352 Pope Julius I, 35th Pope

338 Jewish calendar modified with different year lengths to correct to Solar

340? Eusebius of Caesarea (260-340), theologian & church historian, cites

  "Caesarean" NT text-type, wrote: "Ecclesiastical History" (EH); Loeb

  Classics: 2 volumes {Papias, bishop of Hierapolis (130?), claims that John

  the Elder, a disciple of Jesus, told him that Mark "was the interpreter of

  Peter and wrote down carefully what he remembered of what had been said

  or done by the Lord, but not in the right order." Also claims that "Matthew

  composed the sayings in Hebrew [more likely Aramaic] and each one

  translated them as he could."} [Ref: EH3.39.15, Unauthorized Version, Fox,

  p.126-127] Eusebius' NT Canon: Recognized Books: 4 Holy Gospels, Acts, 14

  Pauline Epistles, 1Jn, 1Pt; Disputed Books: Rev, James, Jude, 2Pt, 2-3Jn,

  Acts of Paul, Hermas, Apocalypse of Peter, Barnabas, Didache, Gospel of the

  Hebrews; Rejected Books: Gospels of Peter, Thomas, Matthias, Acts of

  Andrew, John ... [EH3.25], used the term "catholic" to refer to all seven

  epistles - James; 1,2,3 John; 1,2 Peter; Jude

350-400 Period of time between the 1st Christian Bible and the 1st Western Christian

  Bible, during which the books contained in Bibles varied

350 Letters of Adamantius, Firmicus Maternus; early Christian church fathers

350? Codex Sinaiticus (S or ): earliest Christian Bible, (LXX - 2-

  3Maccabees - Psalms of Solomon - Ps151 + 27NT + Barnabas + Hermas),

  missing Hermas31.7-end; of "Alexandrian" text-type: most accurate text-

  type

350? Codex Vaticanus (B): earliest Christian Bible (LXX - 1-4Maccabees - Psalms

  of Solomon - Ps151 + 27NT), missing Gn1-46:28, Ps105:27-137:6, 1Tm-

  Phm, Heb9:14-end; of "Alexandrian" text-type: most accurate text-type

350? Papyrus Antinoopolis of Book of Proverbs in Greek, published in 1950

350? Papyrus Chester Beatty: #4:R961: Greek Gn9:1-44:22; #11: Greek

  Sir36:28- 37:22,46:6-47:2; #12: Greek Enoch93:12-13,94:7-8,97:6-

  104:13,106:1-107:3

350? Papyrus Bodmer 45-46: Greek Susanna, Daniel 1:1-20 (Theodotion's LXX)

350? Canon Cheltenham: 24NT books (excludes James, Jude, Hebrews)

350? Akhmimic cop(ac) & Sub-Akhmimic cop(ac2) Coptic translations of John

350? Ulfilas, apostle to the Goths (Germans), translates Greek NT to Gothic

352-366 Pope Liberius, 36th Pope

354-430 St. Augustine, Latin Bishop considered the founder of formalized Christian

  theology, church father

355-365 Anti-Pope Felix II, Arianism (336), supported by Constantius II

360 Huns invade Europe, scrolls begin to be replaced by books (Codex)

361-363 Julian the Apostate emperor of East, attempts to revive Paganism

363 Council of Laodicea names 26 NT books (excludes Revelations)

363 Letters of Marius Victorinus, Acacius of Caesarea; early church fathers

364 Council of Laodicea decrees death for Christians who keep 7th day Sabbath

366-384 Pope Damasus I, 37th Pope, hired thugs to massacre rival Ursinians

  (Liberians)

366-367 Anti-Pope Ursinus, leader of supporters of former Pope Liberius

367 Athanasias, bishop of Alexandria, first citing of modern 27 NT canon

367 Letters of Hilary of Poitiers, Lucifer of Calaris; early church fathers

367 Athanasius, d.373, bishop of Alexandria, first cite of modern 27NT canon

370 Epiphanius, bishop of Salamis, Cyprus; cites 27NT + Wisdom of Solomon

370 Doctrine of Addai at Edessa proclaims 17 book NT canon using Diatessaron

  (instead of the 4 Gospels) + Acts + 15 Pauline Epistles (inc. 3 Corinthians)

373 Letters of Ephraem Syrus, cites "Western" Acts text-type

378 Letters of Titus of Bostra, Ambrosiaster, Priscillian; church fathers

379-395 Theodosius the Great, last emperor of the united empire

380 Feb 27, Christianity declared official state religion by Theodosius

381 Council of Theodosius at Constantinople, 2nd ecumenical, Jesus had true

  human soul

382-384 Pope Damasus I has Jerome revise and unify Latin Bibles

383 Roman legions begin to evacuate Britain

384 Jerome presents Pope Damasus I with new Latin Gospels, originals lost

384-399 Pope Siricius, 38th Pope, criticized Jerome

390 Apollinaris of Laodicea, Jesus had human body but divine spirit

390 Letters of Tyconius, Gregory of Nyssa, Didymus of Alex.; church fathers

391? Ammianus Marcellinus, b.330, Christian historian, wrote: "Res gestae"

393,397 Augustine's Councils, cites exactly 27 NT books (see 354)

395 Theodosius prohibits practice of Pagan rituals including Olympic Games

395 Ausonius, b.310?, Christian governor of Gaul; Loeb Classics 2v (Latin)

396 Alaric, king of the Visigoths, plunders Athens

397 Ambrose, b.333?, bishop & governor of Milan, wrote: "de Fide" ...

399-401 Pope Anastasius I, 39th Pope

400-484 Era between 1st Western Christian Bible and the Great Schism - Christian

  doctrine is formed, Roman empire ends

400? Vulgate Bible, by Jerome?, (340?-420) originals lost, Vulgate Latin text

  becomes standard Western Christian Bible

400? Jerome cites "expanded" ending in Mark after Mark 16,14

400? Jerome adds Pericope of the Adultress (John 7,53-8,11)

400? Codex Vercellensis it(a): Latin Gospels, of "European" text-type

400? Peshitta Bible, Syriac (Aramaic) Vulgate, Syr(p), OT + 22 NT, excludes:

  2Pt, 2-3Jn, Jude, Rev; Peshitta becomes standard Syrian Christian Bible

400? Codex Bobiensis it(k): ~half of Mt/Mk in Latin, "African" (Carthage) text-

  type, has "shorter" ending of Mark after Mk16:8

401-417 Pope Innocent I, 40th Pope, decreed Roman custom the norm for Christianity

401 Visigoths invade Italy

403 Letters of Epiphanius of Constantia, John Chrysostom; church fathers

410 Visigoths sack Rome under king Alaric

414 Letters of Nicetas of Remesiana, Orosius; early Christian church fathers

415 Bishop Cyril of Alex. (444) expels Jews, kills Hypatia with oyster shells

416 Visigoths take Spain

417-418 Pope Zosimus, 41st Pope

418-422 Pope Boniface I, 42nd Pope

418-419 Anti-Pope Eulalius

418 Franks take Gaul

420 St. Jerome, (S.E. Hieronymus), b.340?, Latin scholar; (Loeb Classics)

422-432 Pope Celestine I, 43rd Pope

423 Theodoret, bishop of Cyrrhus, notes Tatian's Harmony (170) in heavy use

431 Council of Ephesus, 3rd ecumenical, decreed Mary the Mother of God

429 Picts and Scots expelled from southern England by Anglo-Saxon-Jutes

430 St. Augustine, b.354, origin of "Original Sin," church father & philosopher,

  wrote: "The City of God", "Confessions"; Loeb Classics 10 v. (Latin)

430 Letters of Marcus Eremita, Nilus of Ancyra; Christian church fathers

431 Syrian Christianity splits into East (Nestorian-disagreed with Council of

  Ephesus) and West (Jacobites)

432 St Patrick begins mission in Ireland

432-440 Pope Sixtus III, 44th Pope

433-453 Attila the Hun, "Scourge of the Gods"

440-461 Pope Leo I, 45th Pope

444 Letters of Cyril of Alexandria, Arnobius the Younger; church fathers

450 Mark's Resurrection of Jesus added to Bible (Mark 16, 9-20)

450? Codex Alexandrinus (A): (LXX - 1-2Maccabees + 14_Church_Odes + 27NT +

  1-2Clement), missing 1K12:17-14:9, Ps49:20-79:11, Psalms of Solomon,

  Mt1-25:6, Jn6:50-8:52, 2Cr4:13-12:6, 1Clement57.7-63.4,

  2Clement12.5b-end; of "Alexandrian" text-type: most accurate text-type

450? Codex Bezae (D): Greek/Latin Gospels + Acts; Codex Washingtonianus (W):

  Greek Gospels; both of "Western" text-type: "fondness for paraphrase"

450? Codex Ephraemi Syri rescriptus (C): Greek LXX + 27NT, many gaps

450? Codex Marchalianus (Q): Greek LXX + Luke + John, many gaps

450? Codex Ambrosianus (F): Greek Genesis to Joshua

450? Codex Freer: Greek Deuteronomy and Joshua

450? Codex Colberto-Sarravianus: Origen's Greek Hexapla LXX of Gen-Judg

450? Codex Palatinus it(e): Latin Gospels, "African" (Carthage) text-type

450? Codex Veronensis it(b): Latin Gospels, "European/Vulgate" text-type

450? Syr(pal), Palestinian Syriac (Aramaic) Gospels, of "Caesarean" text-type

450? std. Aramaic Targums, T. Onkelos of Torah, T. Jonathan of Prophets

451 Council of Chalcedon, 4th ecumenical, declared Jesus is 2 natures, both

  human and divine in one, a compromise solution of Jesus god/man schisms

451 Nestorius of Constantinople, Nestorians: Mary was *not* "Mother of God"

451 Letters of Hesychius, Quodvultdeus; early Christian church fathers

454 Eutyches of Constantinople, Monophysites: Jesus was divine but not human

455 Vandals sack Rome

457-474 Pope Leo I, 46th Pope, becomes emperor of remaining (eastern) Roman

  empire

461-468 Pope Hilarus, 47th Pope

463 Letters of Prosper of Aquitaine, early Christian church father

466 Letters of Shenute of Atripe, Theodoret of Cyrrhus; early church fathers

468-483 Pope Simplicius, 48th Pope

474-491 Zeno, eastern Roman emperor

476 Official end of western Roman empire, last emperor Romulus Augustulus

480-547 St. Benedict, founded the Benedictines

483-492 Pope Felix III (II), 49th Pope

484-640 Period between Great Schism and the destruction of the Library of Alexendria

  - After the end of the Roman Empire, the Catholic Church sees a period of

  turmoil and division, Europe's population "halved" by plague, great

  earthquakes occur

484-519 Acacian schism, over "Henoticon" divides Eastern (Greek) and Western

  (Roman) churches. Photinus, deacon of Thessalonica, was of the Greek

  church and held to the Acacian heresy, which denied the divine paternity of

  Christ. Photinus persuaded emperor Anastasius I to accept the Acacian

  heresy.

484 Letters of Vigilius of Thapsus, early Christian church father

489 Zeno destroys Nestorian (451) school at Edessa, erects Church of St Simeon

491 Armenian Church seceds from East (Byzantium) and West (Rome) churches

491-518 Anastasius I eastern Roman emperor

492-496 Pope Gelasius I, 50th Pope, "Vicar of Christ" is first used as another title

496-498 Pope Anastasius II

498 Nestorians (451) settle in Nisibis, Persia

498-514 Pope Symmachus

514-523 Pope Hormisdas

523-526 Pope John I, martyr

498-506 Anti-Pope Lawrence, Lawrencian schism

500 Incense introduced in Christian church service, first plans of Vatican

500? Codex Sangallensis vg: earliest extant Latin Vulgate, Gospels

500? Codex Argenteus (got): earliest nearly complete Gothic (German), Gospels

500? Codex Cottonianus: Greek Genesis

502 Narsai of Mealletha, Syrian poet, heads Nestorian school in Nisibis(498)

518-527 Justin I: emperor of Byzantine (former eastern Roman) empire

524 Boethius, b.480?, Roman Christian philosopher, wrote: "Theological

  Tractates", "Consolation of Philosophy"; (Loeb Classics) (Latin)

525 Dionysius Exiguus sets Christian calendar (a.d.) & Jesus' birth @ 23 Dec 1AD

526 Earthquake in Antioch kills 250,000

526-530 Pope Felix IV (III)

527-565 Justinian the Great, Byzantine emperor

527 Letters of Fulgentius, early Christian church father

529 Justinian closes 1000yr Athen's School of Philosophy, declared Paganistic

530-532 Pope Boniface II

530 Anti-Pope Dioscorus

532-535 Pope John II

533 N. Africa captured by Belisarius from Vandals, becomes Byzantine province

534-870 Malta becomes Byzantine province

535-536 Pope Agapitus I

536-537 Pope Silverius, martyr

537-555 Pope Vigilius, involved in death of Pope Silverius, conspired with Justinian

  and Theodora, excommunicated by N. African bishops in 550

539-562 War between Byzantine empire and Persia

542 Plague in Constantinople from Egyptian and Syrian rats, spreads to Europe

543 Justinian condemns Origen (254), disastrous earthquakes hit the world

541-546 Codex Fuldensis vg(F): Latin Vulgate, 27NT + Epistle to Laodiceans

544 Justinian condemns the "3 Chapters" of Theodore of Mopsuestia (d.428) and

  other writings of "2-natures" Christology of Council of Chalcedon (451)

547 Pope Vigilius issues "Iudicatum" supporting Justinian's anti-"2-natures"

547 Plague reaches Britain

548 Letters of Apringius Pacensis, early Christian church father

550-1453 Medieval Greek of Constantinople (Byzantium) becomes standard Greek

550 Byzantine Greek Text, standard Eastern Bible, much smoothing & conflation

550 St. David converts Wales to Christianity, crucifix becomes Christian icon

550? Codex Claromontanus (Dp): Greek/Latin Pauline Epistles + Canon of ~250AD

  lists 27NT+Barnabas+Hermas+Acts_of_Paul+Apocalypse_of_Peter;

  "Western" type

550? Codex Mediolanensis vg(M): Latin Vulgate Gospels

550? Codex Veronensis: Greek & Old Latin Psalms

555 2nd Council of Constantinople, 5th ecumenical, called by Justinian

556-561 Pope Pelagius I, selected by Justinian, endorsed "Iudicatum" (547)

561-574 Pope John III, authorized by Justinian

565-578 Justin II, Byzantine emperor

567 Letters of Primasius, Cassiodorus; early Christian church fathers

572-628 War between Byzantine empire and Persia

575-579 Pope Benedict I, authorized by Justin II,

578-582 Tiberius II, Byzantine emperor

579-590 Pope Pelagius II, died of plague

582-602 Maurice, Byzantine emperor

587 Visigoths of Spain converted to Christianity

589 Lombards of Italy converted to Christianity

590 Plague in Rome

590-604 Pope Gregory I, commanded that a way be found to collect and preserve the

  singing of the Benedictine monks of Santo Domingo de Silos (now known as

  Gregorian Chant)

594 End of plague which began in 542 and "halved" the population of Europe!

596 St. Augustine of Canterbury sent to convert Britain to Christianity

600? Codex Harleianus vg(Z): Latin Vulgate Gospels

600? Codex Philoxenian/Harclean Syr(ph/h): Syriac 27NT, "Western" text-type

602-610 Phocas, Byzantine emperor after killing Maurice

604-606 Pope Sabinian, authorized by Phocas

606-607 Pope Boniface III, authorized by Phocas

607-615 Pope Boniface IV, authorized by Phocas

609 Roman Pantheon (a Pagan Temple) renamed Church of Santa Maria Rotonda

610-641 Heraclius, Byzantine emperor after killing Phocas

611 Mohammed's reported vision of Allahon Mount Hira

614 Persians take Damascas and Jerusalem and "Holy Cross of Christ"

615 earliest records of some of Mohammed's teachings

615-618 Pope Deusdedit

619-625 Pope Boniface V, authorized by Heraclius

622-680 Monothelite controversy: condemned at 6th Ecum. Council of Constantinople

622 first year in Muslim calendar, The Hegira, 1a.h., (a.h. = anno hegirae)

624 Mohammed marries Aisha, daughter of Abu Bekr

625 Paulinus of Rome comes to convert Northumbria to Christianity

625-638 Pope Honorius I

625 Mohammed begins dictation of Qur'an (Koran) to his scribe

626 King Edwin of Northumbria founds Edinburgh and begins Christianization

627 Byzantines defeat Persians at Nineveh

628 Emperor Heraclius wins back "Cross of Christ" from Persians

628 Mohammed captures Mecca & writes to rulers of the world explaining Islam

629 Heraclius recovers Jerusalem from Persians

629 Pope Honorius I sides with Emperor Heraclius and Monothelites (622)

632 Mohammed, b. 570?, Arab prophet and founder of Islam

632 East Anglia Christianized

632 Abu Bekr, first Islamic Caliph, seat at Medina

634 Omar I, 2d Caliph, takes Syria/Persia/Egypt;defeats Heraclius in Holy War

635 Christianization of Wessex

635-750 Damascus becomes capital of Islamic Caliphs

636 Southern Irish Church submits to Roman Catholicism

637 Jerusalem captured by Islam

638 Emp. Heraclius' "Ecthesis", decrees Christ of one nature: "Monothelites"

640 Pope Severinus

640 Library of Alexandria, "The Center of Western Culture," with 300,000

  ancient papyrus scrolls, is completely distroyed.

640-1380 Period between destruction of Library of Alexandria and the first complete

  English translation of the Bible

640-642 Pope John IV

642-649 Pope Theodore I

649-654 Pope Martin I, martyr

654-657 Pope Eugene I

657-673 Pope Vitalian

673-676 Pope Adeodatus II

676-678 Pope Donus

678-682 Pope Agatho

682-684 Pope Leo II

684-685 Pope Benedict II

685-686 Pope John V

686-687 Pope Conon

687 Anti-Pope Theodore

687 Anti-Pope Paschal

687-701 Pope Sergius I

690? Earliest Bible translations into England's vernacular, continued work by Bede

  and others from this point forward

701-705 Pope John VI

705-708 Pope John VII

708 Pope Sisinnius

708-715 Pope Constantine

715-731 Pope Gregory II

731-741 Pope Gregory III

741-752 Pope Zachary

750? Tower added to St Peter's Basilica at the front of the atrium

752-757 Pope Stephen II (III)

757-768 Pope Paul I

767 Anti-Pope Constantine

768 Anti-Pope Philip

768-772 Pope Stephen III (IV)

772-795 Pope Adrian I

795-816 Pope Leo III

816-817 Pope Stephen IV (V)

817-824 Pope Paschal I

824-827 Pope Eugene II

827 Pope Valentine

827-844 Pope Gregory IV

844 Anti-Pope John

844-847 Pope Sergius II

847-855 Pope Leo IV

850? King Alfred translation of several Bible books into English vernacular, also

  done by Aldhelm and Aelfric

855-858 Pope Benedict III

855 Anti-Pope Anastasius

856 Earthquake in Corinth kills 45,000

858-867 Pope Nicholas I

867-872 Pope Adrian II

872-882 Pope John VII

882-884 Pope Marinus I

884-885 Pope Adrian III

885-891 Pope Stephen V (VI)

891-896 Pope Formosus

896 Pope Boniface VI

896-897 Pope Stephen VI (VII)

897 Pope Romanus

897-898 Pope Theodore II

898-900 Pope John IX

900-903 Pope Benedict IV

903-904 Pope Leo V

903 Anti-Pope Christopher

904-911 Pope Sergius III

911-913 Pope Anastasius III

913-914 Pope Landus

914-928 Pope John X

928 Pope Leo VI

928-931 Pope Stephen VII (VIII)

931-936 Pope John XI

936-939 Pope Leo VII

939-942 Pope Stephen VIII (IX)

942-946 Pope Marinus II

946-955 Pope Agapitus II

955-963 Pope John XII

963-964 Pope Leo VIII

964-965 Pope Benedict V

965-973 Pope John XIII

973-974 Pope Benedict VI

974 Anti-Pope Boniface VII

974-983 Pope Benedict VII

983-985 Pope John XIV

985-996 Pope John XV

996-999 Pope Gregory V

997 Anti-Pope John XVI

999-1003 Pope Sylvester II

1003-1004 Pope John XVII

1004-1009 Pope John XVIII

1009-1012 Pope Sergius IV

1012-1024 Pope Benedict VIII

1012 Anti-Pope Gregory

1024-1032 Pope John XIX

1032-1045 Pope Benedict IX

1045 Pope Sylvester III

1045 Pope Benedict IX

1045-1046 Pope Gregory VI

1046-1047 Pope Clement II

1047-1048 Pope Benedict IX

1048-1049 Pope Damasus II

1049-1055 Pope Leo IX

1054 Split between Eastern and Western churches formalized, Orthodox Church

  founded

1055-1057 Pope Victor II

1057-1059 Pope Stephen IX (X)

1057 Earthquake in Cilicia (Asia Minor) kills 60,000

1058 Anti-Pope Benedict X

1059-1061 Pope Nicholas II

1061-1073 Pope Alexender II

1061 Anti-Pope Honorius II

1073-1086 Gregory VII

1080 Anti-Pope Clement III

1086-1088 Pope Victor III

1088-1099 Pope Urban II

1095-1291 10 Crusades, 1st called by Pope Urban II, to restore Asia Minor to Byzantium

  and conquer the Holy Land from the Turks

1099-1118 Pope Paschal II

1100 Anti-Pope Theodoric

1102 Anti-Pope Albert

1105 Anti-Pope Sylvester IV

1118-1119 Pope Gelasius II

1118 Anti-Pope Gregory VIII

1119-1124 Pope Callistus II

1124-1130 Pope Honorius II

1124 Anti-Pope Celestine II

1130-1143 Pope Innocent II

1130 Anti-Pope Anacletus II

1138 Anti-Pope Victor IV

1143-1144 Pope Celestine II

1144-1145 Pope Lucius II

1145-1153 Pope Eugene III

1153-1154 Pope Anastasius IV

1154-1159 Pope Adrian IV

1159-1181 Pope Alexander III

1159 Anti-Pope Victor IV

1164 Anti-Pope Paschal III

1168 Anti-Pope Callistus III

1179 Anti-Pope Innocent III

1181-1185 Pope Lucius III

1185-1187 Pope Urban III

1187 Pope Gregory VIII

1187-1191 Pope Clement III

1191 Pope Celestine III

1198-1216 Pope Innocent III

1206 Rosary is reportedly given to St. Dominic by an apparition of Mary

1215 Dominican order begun

1216-1227 Pope Honorius III

1223 Franciscan order begun

1225-1274 Thomas Aquinas, theologian and philosopher

1227-1241 Pope Gregory IX

1241-1243 Pope Celestine IV

1243-1254 Pope Innocent IV

1254-1261 Pope Alexander IV

1260 Date which a 1988 Vatican sponsered scientific study places the origin of the

  Shroud of Turin

1261-1265 Pope Urban IV

1265-1271 Pope Clement IV

1271-1276 Pope Gregory X

1276 Pope Innocent V

1276 Pope Adrian V

1276-1277 Pope John XXI

1277-1294 Pope Nicholas IV

1294 Pope Celestine V

1294-1303 Pope Boniface VIII

1303-1305 Pope Benedict XI

1305-1316 Pope Clement V

1316-1334 Pope John XXII

1321? The Divine Comedy, by Dante Alighieri

1328 Anti-Pope Nicholas V

1334-1342 Pope Benedict XII

1342-1352 Pope Clement VI

1350? English begins to emerge as the national language of England

1350? Renaissance begins in Italy

1352-1362 Pope Innocent VI

1354 Earliest extant documentation stating the existance of the Shroud of Turin

1362-1370 Pope Urban V

1370-1378 Pope Gregory XI

1378-1389 Pope Urban VI

1378 Anti-Pope Clement VII

1380-1517 Period between the 1st complete English translation of the Bible and Martin

  Luther's 95 Theses

1380-1382 John Wycliffe, eminant theologian at Oxford, makes NT (1380) and OT (with

  help of Nicholas of Hereford) (1382) translations in English, 1st complete

  translation to English, included deutercanonical books, preached against

  abuses, expressed unorthodox views of the sacraments (Penance and

  Eucharist), the use of relics, and against celibacy of the clergy

1384 John Purvey, follower of John Wycliffe, revises Wycliffe's translation

1389-1404 Pope Boniface IX

1390? Wycliffe's teachings condemned repeatedly in England

1394 Anti-Pope Benedict XIII

1404-1406 Pope Innocent VII

1406-1417 Pope Gregory XII

1408 Council of Oxford forbids translations of the Scriptures into the vernacular

  unless and until they were fully approved by Church authority, sparked by

  Wycliffite Bible, Sir Thomas More said: "It neither forbiddith the translations

  to be read that were already well done of old before Wycliffe's days, nor

  damneth his because it was new but because it was naught; nor prohibiteth

  new to be made but provideth that they shall not be read if they be made

  amiss till they be by good examination amended." ("A Dialogue against

  Heresies")

1409 Anti-Pope Alexander V

1410 Anti-Pope John XXIII

1412-1431 St. Joan of Arc, French national heroine

1415 Council of Florence condemns all of Wycliffe's works, but the actual Bibles

  continued to be used after having the heretical prologue removed, and were

  possessed by both religious houses and those of the nobility and tacitly

  accepted by Catholics

1417-1431 Pope Martin V

1431-1447 Pope Eugene IV

1439 Anti-Pope Felix V

1447-1455 Pope Nicholas V

1453 Byzantium succeeded by the Ottoman Empire

1455-1458 Pope Callistus III

1458-1464 Pope Pius II

1464-1471 Pope Paul II

1466-1536 Desiderius Erasmus, Dutch scholar, Greek NT used in many 16th century

  translations

1471-1484 Pope Sixtus IV

1473-1481 Sistine Chapel built, under supervision of Giovanni de Dolci

1478 Inquisition established by Pope Sixtus IV

1483-1546 Martin Luther, leader of Protestant reformation, preached that only faith

  leads to salvation without mediation of clergy or good works, attacked

  authority of the Pope, rejected priestly celibacy, recommended individual

  study of the Bible (see 1517, 1522)  Until this point "The Church" signified the Roman Catholic Church.

1484-1492 Pope Innocent VIII

1488-1569 Miles Coverdale, Augustinian friar who left the Order, repudiated

  Catholicism, 1st Protestant Bishop of Exeter

1491-1556 Ignatius of Loyola, founded the Jesuit order (see 1534)

1492 Christopher Columbus's first voyage, discovers San Salvador - begins

  Spanish colonization of the New World

1492-1503 Pope Alexander VI

1503 Pope Pius III

1503-1513 Pope Julius II

1505-1572 John Knox, Protestant reformer in Scotland (see 1560)

1506 Pope Julius II orders the Old St Peter's Basilica torn down and authorizes

  Donato Bramante to plan a new structure, demolition completed in 1606

1508-1512 Michelangelo frescoes the Sistine Chapel's vaulted ceiling

1509-1547 Henry VIII ruler of England

1509-1564 John Calvin, preached predetermination, good conduct and success were signs

  of election

1513-1522 Pope Leo X

1517-1994 Modern Era of Christianity - Luther, Calvin lay the seeds of modern

  Protestantism, England breaks away from the Catholic Church

1517 95 Theses (Martin Luther)

1518-1532 St Terese of Avila

1520 Luther excommunicated

1522-1523 Pope Adrian VI

1522 Luther's German NT translation

1523-1534 Pope Clement VII

1524 South German peasant uprising, repressed with Luther's support, begins 1.5

  century long religious wars

1525-1534 Tyndale's translation of the NT from Greek text of Erasmus (1466) compared

  against the Vulgate and the Pentateuch from the Hebrew (1525) compared to

  Vulgate and Luther's German version (1530), first printed edition, used as a

  vehicle by Tyndale for bitter attacks on the Church, reflects influence of

  Luther's NT of 1522 in rejecting "priest" for "elder", "church" for

  "congregation"

1530 Augsburg Confession, Martin Luther founds the Lutheran Church

1531 Reported apparition of Mary at Guadalupe, Mexico, considered "worthy of

  belief" by the Catholic Church

1531 Earthquake in Lisbon, Portugal kills 30,000

1534 Henry VIII breaks England away from the Catholic church, confiscates

  monastic property, beginning of Episcopal Church

1534-1550 Pope Paul III

1534 Jesuit order founded by Lyola (1491-1556), helped reconvert large areas of

  Poland, Hungary, and S. Germany and sent missionaries to the New World,

  India, and China

1535-1537 Coverdale's Bible (see 1488), used Tyndale's (1525) translation along with

  Latin and German versions, included Apocrypha at the end of the OT (like

  Luther) as was done in later English versions, 1537 edition received royal

  license, but banned in 1546

1536 Tyndale put to death, left his OT translation in manuscript, English

  ecclesiaastical authorities ordered his Bible burned because it was thought to

  be part of Lutheran reform

1537-1551 Matthew Bible, by John Rogers (1500-1555), based on Tyndale and

  Coverdale received royal license but not authorized for use in public worship,

  numerous editions, 1551 edition contained offensive notes (based on Tyndale)

1536-1541 Michelangelo paints the Last Judgement

1539-1552 Richard Taverner's (1505-1577) revisions of Matthew Bible, mostly NT

  revisions since he didn't know Hebrew, 1st edition most reliable

1539-1569 Great Bible, by Thomas Cromwell, 1st English Bible to be authorized for

  public use in English churches, defective in many places, based on last

  Tyndale's NT of 1534-1535, corrected by a Latin version of the Hebrew OT,

  Latin Bible of Erasmus, and Complutensian Polyglot, last edition 1569, never

  denounced by England

1542 Conocation makes an unsuccessful attempt to correct the Great Bible against

  the Vulgate

1543 Parliament bans Tyndale's translation as a "crafty, false and untrue

  transalation", although 80% of the words were in the RV

1545-1563 Council of Trent, Catholic Reformation, or counter-reformation, met

  Protestant challenge, clearly defining an official theology

1546 King Henry VIII forbids anyone to have a copy of Tyndale's or Coverdale's NT

1547-1553 Edward VI ruler of England

1549 Book of Common Prayer (Episcopal Church)

1550-1555 Pope Julius III

1550? St. Thomas More, Cranmer, and Foxe affirm the existence of English versions

  of portions of the Bible, including the Gospels (11th century), Mark, Luke,

  Epistles of Paul (14th century), Apocalypse (11th century)

1553-1558 Mary I ruler of England, publications of English Scriptures cease (except for

  Geneva NT of 1557), many clerics leave England

1553 Pontifical Gregorian University founded at Vatican City

1555 Pope Marcellus II

1555-1559 Pope Paul IV

1556 Beza's Latin NT

1558-1603 Elizabeth I ruler of England

1559-1566 Pope Pius IV

1560 Geneva Bible, NT a revision of Matthew's version of Tyndale with use of

  Beza's NT (1556), OT a thorough revision of Great Bible, appointed to be read

  in Scotland (but not England), at least 140 editions

1560 Scotch Presbyterian Church founded by John Knox (1505-1572), due to

  disagreement with Lutherans over sacraments and church government

1563 39 Articles (Episcopal Church)

1566-1572 Pope Pius V

1571 Superior force of Turks intent upon conquering Christian Europe is beaten

  decisively by Christian sailors reportedly calling upon the name of Our Lady

  of the Rosary

1572-1585 Pope Gregory XIII

1572-1606 Bishop's Bible, an inadequate and unsatisfactory revision of the Great Bible

  checked against the Hebrew text, 1st to be published in England by episcopal

  authority

1582 Rheims NT, based on Coverdale, Bishops', Geneva, follows Wycliffe

1585-1590 Pope Sixtus V

1590-1591 Pope Urban VII

1590 Sistine edition of the Vulgate

1590 Michelangelo's dome in St Peter's Basilica completed

1591-1592 Pope Innocent IX

1592-1605 Pope Clement VIII

1596 Ukranian Catholic Church forms when Ukranian subjects of the king of Poland

  are reunited with Rome, largest Byzantine Catholic Church

1603-1625 James I ruler of England, 1st to call himself King of Great Britain, became

  official with Act of Union in 1707

1605 Pope Leo XI

1605-1621 Pope Paul V

1606 Carlo Maderno redesigns St Peter's Basilica into a Latin cross

1609 Baptist Church founded by John Smyth, due to objections to infant baptism

  and demands for church-state separation

1609-1610 Rheims-Douay Bible, 1st Catholic English translation, OT published in two

  volumes, based on an unofficial Louvain text corrected by Sistine Vulgate

  (1590), NT is Rheims text of 1582

1611-1800 King James (Authorized) Version, based on Bishop's Bible of 1572 with use of

  Rheims NT of 1582 - included Apocropha, alterations found in many editions

  through 1800, revisors accused of being "damnable corrupters of God's

  word"

1621-1623 Pope Gregory XV

1623-1644 Pope Urban VIII

1625-1649 Charles I ruler of England

1633 AV published in Scotland

1644 Long Parliament directed that only Hebrew canon only be read in the Church

  of England (effectively removed the Apocropha)

1644-1655 Pope Innocent X

1653-1658 Oliver Cromwell ruler of England

1655-1667 Pope Alexander VII

1658-1712 Richard Cromwell ruler of England

1660-1685 Charles II king of England, restoration of monarchy in England beginning under

  Charles II, continuing through James II, reversed decision of Long Parliament

  of 1644, reinstating the Apocrypha, reversal not heeded by non-conformists

1667-1670 Pope Clement IX

1667 Earthquake in Shemaka, Caucasia kills 80,000

1670-1676 Pope Clement X

1676-1689 Pope Innocent XI

1685-1688 James II king of England, deposed

1689-1702 William III king of England, with Mary II as queen until 1694

1689-1691 Pope Alexander VIII

1691-1700 Pope Innocent XII

1693 Earthquake in Catania, Italy kills 60,000

1700-1721 Pope Clement XI

1702-1714 Anne queen of England

1714-1727 George I king of England

1714 AV published in Ireland

1718 Catholic English version of NT by Dr. Nary, much less bulky than Reims-

  Douay

1721-1724 Pope Innocent XIII

1724-1730 Pope Benedict XIII

1727-1760 George II king of England

1730-1740 Pope Clement XII

1730 Catholic English version of NT, revision of Reims NT by Dr. Robert Witham

1738 Methodist Church founded by Rev John Wesley

1738-1816 New Catholic English versions of NT by Dr. Richard Challoner and Francis

  Blyth O.D.C., Bernard MacMahon, Dr Troy

1740-1758 Pope Benedict XIV

1752 AV published in New World colonies

1755 Earthquake in Northern Persia kills 40,000

1755 Earthquake in Lisbon, Portugal kills 60,000 (estimated at 8.75 Richter)

1758-1769 Pope Clement XIII

1760-1820 George III king of England

1769-1775 Pope Clement XIV

1775-1800 Pope Pius VI

1776 British colonies in America declare independance from England, American

  Revolution

1783 Earthquake in Calabria, Italy kills 30,000

1797 Earthquake in Quito, Ecuador kills 41,000

1800-1823 Pope Pius VII

1801-1877 Brigham Young, Mormon leader, colonized Utah

1811 Dr. Hay's revision of Challoner's version

1820-1830 George IV king of England

1822 Earthquake in Aleppo, Asia Minor kills 22,000

1815 Catholic Bible Society NT, based on Challoner's

1816-1829 Challoner's 3rd revision, Dr. John Lingard's translation from Greek using

  Vulgate when possible

1823-1829 Pope Leo XII

1827 Mormon Church founded by Joseph Smith as a result of reported visions of

  the Angel Moroni

1829-1831 Pope Pius VIII

1830-1837 William IV king of England

1830 Reported apparition of Mary in Paris, France, considered "worthy of belief"

  by the Catholic Church

1831-1846 Pope Gregory XVI

1832 Church of Christ (Disciples) organized, made up of Presbyterians in distress

  over Protestant factionalism and decline of fervor

1837-1901 Victoria queen of England

1846-1878 Pope Pius IX

1846 Reported apparition of Mary in La Salette, France, considered "worthy of

  belief" by the Catholic Church

1852-1922 Charles Taze Russell, founded the Jehova's Witnesses movement in the 1870s

1858 Reported apparition of Mary in Lourdes, France, considered "worthy of

  belief" by the Catholic Church

1859-1959 90 Catholic NT editions, 56 Catholic editions of the whole Bible

1868 Earthquakes in Peru and Ecuador kills 40,000

1869-1870 First Vatican Council, 20th ecumenical, affirms doctrine of papal infallibility

  (ie. when a pope speaks ex cathedra on faith or morals he does so with the

  supreme apostolic authority, which no Catholic may question or reject)

1871 Reported apparition of Mary in Pontmain, France, considered "worthy of

  belief" by the Catholic Church

1875 Earthquake in Colombia, Venezuela

1878-1903 Pope Leo XIII

1878 14-point creed of the Niagara Bible Conference, used by Fundamentalists

1879 Reported apparition of Mary in Knock, Ireland, considered "worthy of belief"

  by the Catholic Church

1881-1894 Revised Version, called for by Church of England, used Greek based on

  Septuagint (B) and (S), Massoretic text used in OT, follows Greek order of

  words, greater accuracy than AV, includes Apocrypha, scholarship never

  disputed

1898-1904 Twentieth Century NT, changed order of books to chronological

1901-1910 Edward VII king of England

1901 American Standard Version, recension of the RV, included words/phrases

  preferred by Americans, follows Greek order of words

1901 Pentecostal Church formed in Topeka, Kansas in reaction to loss of

  evangelical fervor among Methodists and other denominations

1902 Richard Weymouth NT, a careful literary translation

1903-1914 Pope Pius X, most recent Pope to be canonized

1910-1936 George V king of England

1910 5-point statement of the Presbyterian General Assembly, also used by

  Fundamentalists

1910-1915 The Fundamentals, a 12-volume collection of essays by 64 British and

  American scholars and preachers, a foundation of Fundamentalism

1913-1924 James Moffat Bible, 1st one man translation in almost 400 years

1914-1922 Pope Benedict XV

1917 Reported apparition of Mary in Fatima, Portugal, "miracle of the sun"

  witnessed by between 70,000 and 100,000 people, considered "worthy of

  belief" by the Catholic Church

1919 World's Christian Fundamentals Association founded

1922-1939 Pope Pius XI

1925 Scopes Trial, caused division among Fundamentalists

1932 Reported apparition of Mary in Beauraing, Belgium, considered "worthy of

  belief" by the Catholic Church

1933 Reported apparition of Mary in Banneux, Belgium, considered "worthy of

  belief" by the Catholic Church

1936 Edward VIII king of England, acceeded and abdicated

1936-1952 George VI king of England

1936 Westminster NT, unofficial Catholic version (not commissioned by the

  Hierarchy)

1939-1958 Pope Pius XII

1945-1955 Knox Version, from Vulgate, asked for by English Hierarchy

1946-1952 Revised Standard Version, revision of AV "based on consonantal Hebrew

  text" for OT and best available texts for NT, done in response to changes in

  English usage

1949 Basic English Bible, only 1000 words, simple and direct style

1949 Discovery of Qumran (Essenes?) scrolls, aka Dead Sea scrolls (see 68)

1952-Present Elizabeth II queen of England

1957 United Church of Christ founded by ecumenical union of Congregationalists and

  Evangelical & Reformed, representing Calvinists and Lutherans

1958-1963 Pope John XXIII

1958 J. B. Phillip's NT, uses only commonly spoken language

1959 Statement of Faith (United Church of Christ)

1961 New English Bible, renders original Basic English Bible for private use

1962-1965 Second Vatican Council, 21st ecumenical, announced by Pope John XXIII in

  1959, produced 16 documents which became official after approval by the

  Pope, purpose to renew "ourselves and the flocks committed to us" (Pope

  John XXIII)

1963-1978 Pope Paul VI

1966 RSV Catholic Edition, a joint effort between Catholics and the Church of

  England, a big step towards a common Catholic/Protestant Bible

1966 Jerusalem Bible, translation from original languages based on Bible de

  Jerusalem, Catholic version

1970 Confraternity Version, new Catholic translation from the originals which

  began before 1939 as a translation from the Vulgate, but ending up as a new

  translation from the Hebrew (OT) and Greek (NT).

1971 New American Standard Bible, updated the ASV using recent Hebrew and

  Greek textual discoveries

1978 Pope John Paul I

1978 New International Version, used eclectic Greek text, Massoretic Hebrew

  text, and current English style

1978-? Pope John Paul II, reaffirmed conservative moral traditions (The Splendor of

  Truth) and the forbidding of women in the priesthood

1979-1982? New King James Bible, complete revision of 1611 AV, updates archaisms

  while retaining style

1981-? Reported apparitions of Mary in Medjugorje, Yugoslavia, not yet

  approved/disapproved by the Catholic Church

2001 Pope Benedict XVI elected (formerly Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger)